Every citation we read. Search any paper.
One row per retracted paper. Open a row to see every later paper that cited it, how each one used it, and the sentence that shows it. Nothing is picked: every citation the census could read is here.
Loading the census…
Download everything: citations.csv (one row per citing paper) · census.json (the results) · citing sentences: contexts.csv · codebook.
How to read it
Three readers, one verdict.
- Cited as supportThe citing sentence rests on a finding, number, method or conclusion of the retracted paper, or a review counts it as data. If the retracted data were made up, that sentence would lose its support. This covers using a method or saying results agree, not only building on a result.
- Passing mentionThe paper is one of several references for a point, or backs general background, or is only described.
- FlaggedThe text around the citation warns about the paper: retracted, withdrawn, fraudulent, unreliable, or not replicated. A paper may warn elsewhere; the census reads only the passage around each citation.
- Models splitThree AI models read every passage. Where they did not all agree, the call is marked so you can judge it yourself. On a blind random sample of 150 citing papers, the panel matched a separate AI reader on 142 (94.7%), and on 123 of the 126 where all three models agreed. That check was done by AI, not people: a check by two human labellers on a fresh random sample is the next step.
- Found a wrong call?Write to hi@saneapps.com with the citing paper's PMC number. Corrections go into the next release and are listed.